Serum and Red Cell Magnesium and Calcium Concentrations in Normotensive and Pre-Eclamptic Pregnant Women in Lagos, Nigeria

Authors

  • TO Kuye-Kuku
  • G Ajayi
  • O Adegbola

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0901-02-186

Abstract

Background: Pre-eclampsia is a significant cause of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. This study identified the relationship between serum and red cell concentrations of magnesium and calcium in pre-eclampsia. This is to justify the use of magnesium in the prevention of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.

Objective: To compare the serum and red cell levels of calcium and magnesium among pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant women.

Method: A prospective, comparative study comparing serum and red cell concentrations of magnesium and calcium in sixty pre-eclamptic patients and sixty normotensive pregnant controls.

Result: The mean serum calcium concentration among pre-eclamptic patients was 2.33±0.19 mmol/l, compared with 2.47±0.23 mmol/l in the normotensive group (p = 0.244). The mean serum magnesium concentration was significantly higher among normotensive pregnant women than pre-eclamptic women (1.18±0.31 mmol/l vs 0.91±0.23 mmol/l; p = 0.001). The mean red blood cell calcium concentration was also significantly higher among pre-eclamptic pregnant women compared to the normotensive group (4.34±0.62 mmol/l vs 3.95±0.79 mmol/l; p = 0.003), but the mean red cell magnesium concentration was lower in pre-eclamptic than the normotensive control group but without statistical significance (2.04±0.65 mmol/l vs 2.26±0.79 mmol/l; p = 0.098).

Conclusion: Pre-eclampsia is associated with low concentrations of serum magnesium and calcium. Therefore, magnesium supplements may be beneficial in preventing pre-eclampsia.

References

Pridjian G, Puschett JB. Pre-eclampsia. Part 1: Clinical and pathophysiologic considerations. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2002;57:598-618.

Duley L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Int J Obstet Gynaecol 2009;33:130-137. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.010.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122: 1122–1131. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88.

Ying W, Catov JM, Ouyang P. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Future Maternal Cardiovascular Risk. J Am Heart Assoc 2018;7:e009382. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009382.

Shehu CE, Ekele BA, Suleman BL, Panti AA, Eze UA, Burodo AT. A Comparative Study of Oxidative Stress in Pre-eclampsia and Normal Pregnancy. Sch Int J Obstet Gynecol 2020;3: 127-133. https://doi.org/10.36348/sijog.2020.v03i04.004.

Portelli M, Baron B. Clinical Presentation of Pre-eclampsia and the Diagnostic Value of Proteins and Their Methylation Products as Biomarkers in Pregnant Women with Pre-eclampsia and Their Newborns. J Pregnancy 2018:2632637. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2632637.

Kanchapan S, Vorapong P. Serum Calcium and Serum magnesium in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy. Arch Gynaecol Obstet 2005;273:12-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-004-0672-.

Ugwuja EI, Famurewa AC, Ikaraoha CI. Comparison of Serum Calcium and Magnesium Between Pre-eclamptic and Normotensive Pregnant Nigerian Women in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2016;6:33-37. https://doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.180269.

Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M. Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J 2012;5:i3-i14. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163.

Salve M, Rajgire A. A comparative study of serum calcium, magnesium and L.D.H. as the best predictor for severity of pregnancy-induced hypertension in the rural population. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2017;6:4652-4655. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.

Ephraim RKD, Osakunor DNM, Denkyira SW, et al. Serum calcium and magnesium levels in women presenting with pre-eclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension: a case–control study in the Cape Coast metropolis, Ghana. B.M.C. Preg Childbirth 2014; 14: 390. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-014-0390-2.

Guhan VN, Jeyakumar M, Prabhakara RK, Daniel M, Sivaa R, Priyadharshini S. Serum calcium and magnesium levels in pre-eclamptic patients - A case-control study. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2014;26:149–151. https://doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.180269.

Jain S, Sharma P, Kulshreshtha S, Mohan G, Singh S. Role of calcium, magnesium, and zinc in pre-eclampsia Biol Trace Elem Res 2010;133:162-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8423-9.

Segovia BL, Vega IT, Villarreal EC, Licona NA. Hypocalciuria during pregnancy as a risk factor of pre-eclampsia. Ginecologia Obstetricia de Mexico 2004;72:570-574.

Hofmeyr GJ, Duley L, Atallah A Dietary calcium supplementation for prevention of pre-eclampsia and related problems: a systematic review and commentary. BJOG 2007;114:933-943. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01389.x.

Punthumapol C, Kittichotpanich B. Serum calcium, magnesium uric in preclampsia and normal pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91: 968-973.

Eng J. Sample size estimation: how many individuals should be studied? Radiology 2003;227:309-313.

Young DS, Friedman Mass Spectrometry. In: Keith B (Editor). Effects of Disease on Clinical Laboratory Test 4th Edition. Washington DC. Ann Clin Biochem 1997;34:579-581. https://doi.org/10.1177/000456329703400601

Burtis C, Bruns D. Chromatography and Extraction In: Sawyer B (Editor) Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis (6th Edition) Philadelphia PA, WBSaunders. AACCPress 2008. pp. 913-914.

Kisters K, Barenbrock M, Louwen F, Hausberg M, Rahn K, Kosch.M. Membrane, intracellular, and plasma magnesium and calcium concentrations in pre-eclampsia. Am J Hypertens 2000;13:765–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7061(00)00240-5.

Idogun E, Imarengiaye C, Momoh S. Extracellular calcium and magnesium in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Afr J Reprod Health 2007; 11(2);88-94.

Owusu Darkwa E, Antwi-Boasiako C, Djagbletey R, Owoo C, Obed S, Sottie D. Serum magnesium and calcium in pre-eclampsia: a comparative study at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Integr Blood Press Control 2017; 16;10:9-15. https://doi.org/10.2147/IBPC.S129106.

Mittal S, Shaikh MKS, Thakur R, Jain D. Comparison of serum calcium and magnesium levels between pre-eclamptic and normotensive healthy pregnant women. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2014;3:959-962. https://doi;.org/10.5455/2320-1770.ijrcog20141216.

Sanders R, Konijnenberg A, Huijgen HJ, Wolf H, Boer K, Sanders GT. Intracellular and extracellular, ionised and total magnesium in pre-eclampsia and uncomplicated pregnancy. Clin Chem Lab Med 1999;37:55-59. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.1999.008.

Khedun S.M, Ngotho D, Moodley J, Naicker T. Plasma and Red Cell Magnesium Levels in Black African Women with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Hypertens Preg 1998;17: 125 -134.

Kosch M, Hausberg M, Louwen F, Barenbrock M, Rahn KH, Kisters K. Alterations of plasma calcium and intracellular and membrane calcium in erythrocytes of patients with pre-eclampsia. J Hum Hypertens 2000;14:333-336. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001006.

Enaruna N, Ande A, Okpere E. Clinical significance of low serum magnesium in pregnant women attending the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Niger J Clin Pract 2013;16:448-453. https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-3077.116887.

Jain S, Sharma P, Kulshreshtha S, Mohan G, Singh S. The role of serum calcium, magnesium, and zinc in pre-eclampsia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010;133:162-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8423-9.

Vahidrodsari F, Tourabizadeh A, Esmaeli H, Shahabian M. Serum Calcium and Magnesium in Preeclamptic and Normal Pregnancies: A Comparative Study. J Reprod Infertil 2008;9:256-262.

Almaghamsi A, Almalki MH, Buhary BM. Hypocalcemia in Pregnancy: A Clinical Review Update. Oman Med J 2018;33:453-462. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2018.85.

Kanagal DV, Rajesh A, Rao K, Devi UH, Shetty H, Kumari S, et al. Levels of Serum Calcium and Magnesium in Pre-eclamptic and Normal Pregnancy: A Study from Coastal India. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:1-4. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/8872.4537.

Downloads

Published

2023-03-26

Issue

Section

Original Research